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Pedicure

A pedicure is a way to improve the appearance of the feet and their nails. It provides a similar service as a manicure. The word pedicure refers to superficial cosmetic treatment of the feet and toenails and comes from the Latin words pedis, which means "of the foot," and cura, which means "care." A pedicure can help prevent nail diseases and nail disorders. Pedicures are not just limited to nails; a pedicurist removes dead skin cells on the bottom of feet using a rough pumice stone. Additionally, leg care below the knee is a common and now expected service included in pedicures. Leg care includes depilation via either shaving or waxing followed by granular exfoliation, application of moisturizing creams and a brief leg massage. The pedicure industry began to grow in 2000. There were approximately 50,000 nail salons located throughout the United States in 2000. There were 100,000 nail salons in 2009. The growth of full-service salons drove this increase. People have been pedicuring their nails for more than 4,000 years. In southern Babylonia, noblemen used solid gold tools to give themselves manicures and pedicures. The use of fingernail polish even started earlier. Originating in China in 3,000 BC, nail color indicated one’s social status, according to a Ming Dynasty manuscript; royal fingernails were painted black and red. Ancient Egyptians have been manicuring all the way back to 2300 BC. A depiction of early manicures and pedicures was on a carving from a pharaoh’s tomb, and the Egyptians paid special attention to their feet and legs. The Egyptians also colored their nails, using red to indicate the highest social class.

Offender Relapse

Because addiction is a chronic disease, drug relapses and returns to treatment are common features of the path to recovery, so treatment should extend over a long period of time and across multiple episodes of care. Individuals with the most severe problems can participate in treatment and achieve positive outcomes.

Rewards and Sanctions in Offender Treatment

The systematic application of behavioral management principles that underscore reward and punishment can help individuals reduce drug use and criminal behavior. Rewards and sanctions change behavior when they follow targeted behavior, swiftly and fairly. It is important to recognize and force progress toward abstinent behavior. Rewarding positively toward responsible, behavior is more effective in producing abstinent behavior. Long term positive change is better than punishing negative behavior. Nonmonetary rewards such as social recognition can be as effective as monetary rewards. A graduated range of rewards given for meeting predetermined goals can be an effective strategy.
In recovery treatments in the community, contingency management strategies use incentives or rewards, like vouchers or bus tokens, to reinforce abstinence measured by negative drug tests or to shape progress toward other treatment goals, such as program session attendance or compliance with medication regimens. Contingency management is most effective when the contingent reward closely follows the behavior monitored. Graduated sanctions, which invoke less punitive responses for early and less serious noncompliance and increasingly severe sanctions for more serious or continuing problems, are effective tools in conjunction with drug testing. The effective use of graduated sanctions involves consistent, predictable and clear responses to noncompliant behavior.

Drug Testing

Drug testing can determine when an individual is having difficulties with recovery. The first response to drug use is clinical and detected through urinalysis and results in an increase in treatment intensity or a change to an alternative treatment. This often requires coordination between the criminal justice staff and the treatment provider. A more intensive treatment approach should not be a sanction, but rather a routine progression in healthcare practice when a treatment appears less effective than expected.
Behavioral contracting can employ both rewards and sanctions. A behavioral contract is an explicit agreement between the participant and the treatment provider or criminal justice monitor or among all three. A behavioral contract specifies proscribed behaviors and associated sanctions, as well as positive goals and rewards for success. Behavioral contracting can instill a sense of procedural justice because both the necessary steps toward progress and the sanctions for violating the contract are specific and understood in advance.