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Blue and Red Light Acne Treatment

Sunlight can improve skin care in the short-term. However, recent studies have shown that exposure to sunlight worsens acne in the long-term [citation needed]. More recently, visible light treatments (phototherapy) have successfully treated mild acne--in particular intense violet light (405-420nm) generated by purpose-built fluorescent lighting, dichroic bulbs, LEDs or lasers. Used twice weekly, this procedure resulted in a reduction of the number of acne lesions by about 64 percent. Studies show that this treatment is even more effective when applied daily. Scientifically speaking, the method of violet light treatment is effective because porphyrin (Coproporphyrin III), produced within P. acnes, generates free radicals when irradiated by 420nm and shorter wavelengths of light. Over the course of a few days, these free radicals ultimately kill the bacteria they spawned from. Since porphyrins are not otherwise present in skin, and the UV light applied is safe in its spectrum, this treatment is safe and licensed by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The ultra violet treatment works even better with red visible light (660nm) resulting in a 76 percent reduction of lesions after three months of daily treatment for 80 percent of patients. The overall skin clearing was similar or better than benzoyl peroxide. Unlike most of the other treatments, there are few if any negative side effects to this treatment and a development of bacterial resistance seems very unlikely. After treatment, a patient can achieve clear skin with topical or oral antibiotic treatments. The equipment or treatment, however, is relatively new and expensive, although the total cost of ownership may outweigh other costs (such as the total cost of benzoyl peroxide, moisturizer, and washes) over a couple of years.

Alcohol

Disulfiram also known as Antabuse is an aversion therapy that induces nausea when a person consumes alcohol. Acamprosate works by restoring normal balance to the glutamate neurotransmitter system in the brain, helping to reduce alcohol cravings. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the use of Naltrexone, which blocks some of the pleasurable effects of alcohol.

Infectious Diseases among Drug Abusing Offenders

It is critical for the criminal justice and drug abuse treatment systems to work together and combine efforts to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases, which occur at higher rates among drug abusers in the criminal justice system than among the general population. The prevalence of AIDS is approximately five times higher among incarcerated offenders than in the general population. In addition, individuals in the criminal justice system represent a significant portion of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and tuberculosis cases in the United States. Although most people contract infectious diseases in the community and not in correctional settings, the correctional setting must treat these infectious diseases once diagnosed.
Infectious diseases among offenders who re-enter or live within the community present a serious public health challenge. While incarcerated, offenders often have access to adequate healthcare, which offers opportunities for integrating strategies to address medical, mental health and drug abuse problems. Doctors should link offenders with infectious diseases who return to the community with medical care facilities within the community before release. Community health, drug treatment and criminal justice agencies should work together to offer education, screening, counseling, prevention and treatment programs for HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and other infectious diseases to offenders in or returning to the community. Drug abuse treatment can decrease the spread of infectious disease by reducing risky behaviors such as needle sharing and unprotected sex.
The need to negotiate access to health services and adhere to complex treatment protocols places a large burden on the addicted offender and many offenders fall through the cracks. Untreated or deteriorating medical or mental health problems increase the risk of relapse to drug abuse and to possible arrest and incarceration, again.